Marion
Feb. 29th, 2012
10:02 am - A Guide to Pronouncing Anglo-Saxon
Written Anglo-Saxon is a medieval language, so it is written basically phonetically—all written letters should be sounded (including r), except that in some cases they are part of a digraph where the combination represents a single sound (like modern th and in some people’s pronunciation, wh). (The Anglo-Saxon digraphs are: ig, cg, hl, hn, hr, hw, and sc.) And as in all medieval languages, the phonetic spelling reveals dialect differences and different scribal preferences, so many words can occur in several different spellings. Above all this affects the vowels in a word: i and y are almost interchangeable, and some dialects had “breaking” and others didn’t, so the same word may have æ, e, or ea--the last, the diphthong, being the “breaking.” Say diphthongs as the two vowels added together—for example, ea as e plus a, as in modern English “pear” not “hear.” (Some scholars think the diphthongs were pronounced differently from how they were spelled, but I don't share this view.)
Modern English has changed the sound of long vowels so that they no longer match the short ones (several are diphthongs, and long e is actually a long version of i--compare “pit” and “Pete”). The long vowels in Anglo-Saxon are long versions of the same sound as the short vowel, as in most foreign languages.
Stress is on the first syllable except when that is a prefix, such as ge- or for-. Modern English has a more variable stress. When the first (main) syllable is a diphthong, stress the entire diphthong as you would in modern English. Feel free to say unstressed syllables as loosely as you would in modern English—the variations in spelling suggest that was how they said them, too.
Americans and Australians may wish to try to pronounce Anglo-Saxon without the nasalization that distinguishes their accents from British accents; this is hard, but Anglo-Saxon should sound English, and absence of nasalization makes a big difference.
VOWELS
Accents indicate long vowels. Books conventionally use macrons, but when the scribes wrote the length mark, it was as an accent.
Note that in Anglo-Saxon y is always a vowel.
a
A “soft short a” as in, for example, Spanish or German. This is in fact the same sound as an American short o. When an m or n follows, an o is often written instead; for example mann or monn; evidently in such words, there wasn’t much difference.
á
A longer version of the above: “ahh.”
æ
A “hard short a,” like most modern English speakers would say for “hat.” The name of the letter in talking about Anglo-Saxon is “ash,” which is another example.
ǽ
Long version of the above. I do just that; what comes out is an open version of the open e, French è. Most people do what Latin and Old Norse use æ to represent, which is the diphthong ai, the sound in Modern English “I.” There is no evidence that was the sound in Anglo-Saxon, but it is less ugly and easier to say.
e
Short e much as in modern English.
é
A long closed e, as in German “See” or French “fée.” In other words a single sound close to the pronunciation of long a in modern English (for example “fare”), but without the diphthongal quality.
i
Short i much as in modern English (perhaps a “purer” sound)
í
Long version of the above. i.e. the sound of modern English ee, or a long i in other languages and as in the modern English loanword "machine." Note: this sound can also be spelled ig in Anglo-Saxon.
o
A short o as in modern British English (but closer, or "purer" than in many dialects), or as in , for example, Spanish or German.
ó
Long version of the above, as in German “so.”
u
The “oo” short u, as in “put.”
ú
oo as in “soon” or “rude.”
y
Short ü as in German “Hütte” or French “tu.” However, spelling shows that this sound was often confused with i.
ý
Long version of the above, as in German “Hüter” or “grün.” However, again, often confused with í.
CONSONANTS
Double consonants are pronounced twice, as in Italian, or as in modern English “penknife,” “unnoticed,” “still living,” and “proof found.” They are not just a mark of vowel shortness, as they usually are in modern English.
b
As in modern English
cg
Modern English j or dg. For example ecg is pronounced like its modern descendant, “edge.”
c
Two pronunciations: k and ch. Usually k before a, o, and u, long or short, and at the ends of words with such vowels, and ch before e, i, and y, long or short, and at the ends of words after i, é, and ǽ. However, the following vowel is not a reliable guide as it is in, say, Italian. Use the modern pronunciation as a guide. For example, cild (ancestor of “child”) has the ch pronunciation, but cyning (ancestor of “king”) and cene (ancestor of “keen”) have k. It also has the k pronunciation finally after æ (e.g.: bæc (ancestor of “back”) and before a consonant at the start of a word, where it is silent in modern English (e.g.: cnáwan, ancestor of “know”). In some words where it follows n or l, it has the ch pronunciation: e.g.: ǽlc (ancestor of “each”) and þencan (ancestor of “think” and an exception to the modern English guideline rule). Beginners’ books traditionally put a dot over the ch c but one basically has to learn which pronunciation to use where. Note for German speakers: final ch c is not unvoiced German ch, even in ic, which is obviously cognate with German ich. That sound was represented by h.
d
As in modern English
f
Two sounds, modern English f (unvoiced) and v (voiced). Unvoiced at the beginning of a word, at the end of an accented word, next to another unvoiced consonant (e.g., p or t), and when double (e.g.: full, léof--ancestor of Shakespeare’s “lief”). Voiced, the v pronunciation, when single between vowels, between a vowel and another voiced sound (e.g., l, r, m, n), and finally in words like of when unstressed (e.g., lufian, ancestor of “love” and efne, ancestor of “even”).
g
Three or four pronunciations: g (as in “girl”), y (as in “yell”), a velar voiced ghh sound, and a short j.
--g before a, o, u, and y, long or short; after n; before a consonant; and when doubled. e.g.: gán, god, gylden, lang (ancestor of “long”), springan; glæd (ancestor of “glad”), and frogga (ancestor of “frog”).
--y before e and i, long or short, after those vowels and æ, long or short, and sometimes after r and l. e.g.: gé (ancestor of “ye”), giefan (ancestor of “give”), þegen, hálig (ancestor of “holy”), weg (ancestor of “way”), dæg (ancestor of “day”), sægde (ancestor of “said”), byrgan (ancestor of “bury”), fylgan, (ancestor of “follow”), and all the words with the ge- prefix. Note that i followed by the y g is identical to the sound ee, i.e.: í, which is why ig is an alternate spelling for í.
--ghh as sometimes in German “sagen” and “Wagen” when preceded and followed by any of a, o, and u, long or short, between one of them and an l or r, or after one of them even if in a group with another consonant. e.g.: dagas (ancestor of "days"), boga (ancestor of "bow"), hálga, beorgan, genog (ancestor of "enough"), and burg.
--Although g after n is usually sounded g, occasionally (e.g. sprengan, ancestor of "spring") it is instead j as in "edge," but shorter than in cg words.
As with c, beginners’ books traditionally put a dot over the y g and the few occurrences of j after n, but one basically has to learn which pronunciation to use where.
hl
Unvoiced l, similar to Welsh ll; this can be approximated by saying h and l in as quick succession as possible.
hn
Unvoiced n; again this can be approximated by saying h and n in as quick succession as possible.
hr
Unvoiced r; again this can be approximated by saying h and r in as quick succession as possible.
hw
Unvoiced w; this is the sound indicated by modern English wh and still a distinct phoneme in some British dialects; e.g.: "white," "whether." Again it can be approximated by saying h and w in as quick succession as possible.
h
Other than in the digraphs listed above, three pronunciations:
--initially, h as in modern English
-- Voiced chh as in Scottish "loch" or German "brauchen" after a, o, and u, long or short, and after consonants. e.g.: héah (ancestor of "high," and that is the reason for the "gh")
--Unvoiced chh as in German "ich" and as some English speakers say in "Munich" after e, i, and y, long or short. e.g.: riht (ancestor of "right," and that is the reason for the "gh")
j, k
rarely or never used
l, m, n, p
As in modern English
q
rarely or never used; the sound combination is written phonetically as cw or sometimes cu
r
Initially: slightly trilled
Otherwise: tongue-tip curved back, as in US English
sc
Modern English "sh," e.g.: scip, fisc, except in a few words, mainly loan-words, e.g.: scól (ancestor of "school" and borrowed from Latin), Scottas, áscian (ancestor of "ask," has past tense áscode)
s
As in modern British English "is," can be the voiced sound of "z" as well as unvoiced modern "s." Rules as for f: unvoiced at the beginning of a word, at the end of an accented word, next to another unvoiced consonant (e.g., p or t), and when double (e.g.: sunu, ancestor of "son," wæs, ancestor of "was," fæst, ancestor of "fast"). Voiced, the z pronunciation, when single between vowels, between a vowel and another voiced sound (e.g., l, r, m, n), and finally in words like is when unstressed (e.g., céosan, ancestor of "choose").
t
As in modern English
þ, ð (referred to as "thorn" and "eth" or sometimes "bar-d")
Used interchangeably for the two sounds of modern English th, voiced as in "this" and unvoiced as in "thin." Rules as for f and s: unvoiced at the beginning of a word, at the end of an accented word, next to another unvoiced consonant (e.g., p or t), and when double (e.g.: þencan, ancestor of "think," wearþ, "became," siþþan, "after"). Voiced when single between vowels and between a vowel and another voiced sound (e.g., l, r, m, n) (e.g., bróþor, ancestor of "brother," máþm, "treasure").
v
rarely or never used
w
As in modern English
x
rarely used, never initially; the sound combination is usually written phonetically as cs
y
never used as a consonant, only as a vowel
z
rarely or never used
Jul. 31st, 2009
Jul. 7th, 2009
03:42 pm - Yet more pix
And we also went to the open day at the new Silicon Valley Humane Society facility in Milpitas. ( Which I am told I should always refer to as Millipedes. )
Jul. 5th, 2009
12:01 pm - More pix
( I mentioned that we wound up driving around the neighborhood on the city's yard sale day. )
Jul. 3rd, 2009
10:55 am - Since I extracted two films from Long's . . .
We share the house with a multifaceted creature.
( a few pix )
May. 29th, 2009
11:47 am - An extremely belated five
. . . from ![[info]](http://l-stat.livejournal.com/img/userinfo.gif){kind=small}
agirlnamedluna
Comment to this post asking me to, and I will give you 5 subjects/things I associate you with. Then post this in your LJ and elaborate on the subjects given.
Ásatrú
is one of the common names for my religion, the worship of the Æsir and Vanir. It's a fine name, but since it's faked-up Old Norse it does suggest I'm Norse in approach, especially since there is a more or less comfortably established orthodox approach that has grown up over the last two or three decades and is very Norse-focused. And I'm pan-germanic with a leaning towards Anglo-Saxon. So I prefer the other common term in English: heathen. It can also be called Germanic paganism, but that tends to mean "Norse wicca" in many people's minds.
It took me a long time to realize it was my religion, rather than just an obsession. But here I am, a gyðja/wéofodþignen as well as a scholar. We have over thirty gods and goddesses; I honor them all at Yule. We have a staggering range of approaches and number of disagreements, although reading some of the sagas might make one appreciate why, as well as considering how many centuries and how many miles the scattered records of ancient heathenry encompass. (And we have changed a bit in the last two millennia too, and we live in a different world, so how we are to adjust is another bone of contention.) But our commonalty is the gods, and that's what matters most to me, plain and simple. There are also more of us than one might suspect, scattered all over the place almost as if the gods wanted to seed the continents evenly.
Porn
is currently a large part of my livelihood. I work in an "adult bookstore." I am of course sex-positive and kink-tolerant--it would have not occurred to me to ask for the job otherwise--and I have a moderately dirty mind, but I must admit getting to know porn from the DVD racks and cuing up movies for "preview" hasn't made it any more personally appealing to me. We do have female customers, both solo and as parts of couples, but they very rarely want to sit in a booth and watch. Maybe het porn for women just hasn't been developed yet, but I suspect romance novels will always be more appealing to 99% of straight women than explicit pix or even explicit animation.
I see the worst of most of my customers, whether they realize it or not. (And I hated flirting even before "bedroom voices" became inaudible to me, so they probably don't.) But I haven't seen any evidence of porn debasing consumers. Many of them leave looking happy. There are about the proportion I'd expected who get off on sadistic porn--or on gangbang and other forcible scenarios. My opinion of people's honesty and basic decency has gone down, as anyone else who's worked in retail might expect--that hasn't been surprising but has been saddening. What I didn't expect is how many people badly affected by drink and drugs I'd have to deal with, and how wretched they would often be. My opinion of addicts has gone way down. They're not good enough for teh pr0n!
Wisdom
One person's wisdom is another's platitudes or stupidity. It's even worse than beauty--we all have our own ideas of what it is, but they're at variance and there's a lot of reinforcing of preconceptions. So I try not to ask whether something is wise or not. Which may be a correlative of my rejection of "common sense," which amounts to the enshrinement of how a fictional "everybody" thinks. The world is unpredictable. Sometimes the best advice is invalidated by developments. Quite often, "common sense" doesn't work because fate throws a curveball. I'm old enough to have gone through at least two radical reshapings of the work world--someone my age who chose a career based on either common sense or guidance counsellors' wisdom is probably all messed up now. And you have to at least be looking at something other than your life plan to notice an opportunity.
So I'm either a wise fool or a naïf, depending on your viewpoint :-)
I've always found the series of verses in "Hávamál" extolling being "middling wise" baffling. Especially said by Óðinn. I remind myself that wisdom is not the same thing as learning or intellect--the Sons of Bor gave us our intellect and the attendant curiosity after all--and there is something in the Cassandra warning that knowing too much of what will be brings sadness. But I'd still rather know, and how far can one know anyway? Even the gods don't know when Ragnarǫk will come. Not understanding that passage is another reason for me to put away thoughts of being wise or of measuring others' wisdom. Leave that be and just observe and react as seems best, seems advisable.
Animals
As a child, I was more of a plant person. If they had let me take a science 'A' level, it would have been botany. But part of that was that I had an even lower susceptibility to cuteness as a child than I do now, and the usual poster kids of the animal world--pandas, puppies, koalas--didn't attract me. (I had a thing for elephants; for some reason the conservationist propaganda of my childhood was pachyderm-poor.) I only got to have cats after I moved out on my own, and in some ways I'm still scared of dogs--I make exceptions for particular dogs. (It helps that I encounter fewer dogs that attack me on sight, these days.)
. . . Part of it was also dissection. Ick. I'd rather dissect a human cadaver donated for the purpose than a bull's eyeball or a specially bred rat or locust, let alone an earthworm. That, plus the insanity of my school's science teachers reached its apogee in classes on the internals of critters. They were relatively bored and rational about the workings of flora.
All of which means I mostly view the animal world as just the rest of the beasts of whom we are one kind. (Some of them are more interesting to watch.) There are several kinds I would happily expunge: mosquitoes, woodlice, and I wish there were a way to do without earthworms . . . but then there are also plants for which I have no love, such as the grapefruit tree.
SCA
I am now an ex-member of the Society for Creative Anachronism; a few years ago I could no longer spare the cash to renew my membership, after a possibly record-breaking stretch of inactivity (pushing 25 years). I joined in 1978. It's changed a bit since then . . . become very bureaucratic, riddled with both snobbery and reverse snobbery. I only occasionally miss it. But I was warned from the get-go that different branches play differently, and that may be a lot of it. The SCA made brilliant use of desktop publishing back in the day (newsletters, a very good quarterly magazine, a series of scholarly monographs, and they were just getting started on books) and I understand it has used e-networking with equal aplomb; that might have made up for the endless sniping about being an "Authenticity Nazi" or "not even trying" (choose your side!) It might also have helped me get away from the obsessions with dancing, cooking, and armor that could remind me unpleasantly of my Girl Guide group's obsession with games.
Because the basic Dream . . . to live the Middle Ages without the unpleasantnesses (Bubonic Plague, rotten teeth, death in childbirth, backbreaking labor, and so on) . . . is alluring. I'm more interested in the pre-medieval period and thus just squeak in, but actually for me one of the most attractive things was the opportunity to witness and participate in roleplaying the encounter of people from many different places and times. I'm not big on Chivalry, but it makes a good framework for that kind of encounter.
What wasn't so fun was the pervasive assumption that everybody really loved 14th and 15th century Court culture (and should have a velvet dress from one of those periods set aside for Court), a corollary of which was that everyone was really fervently Roman Catholic. The SCA confirmed the sad impression I'd received at two institutions of higher learning that Medieval Studies is controlled by people who support the Inquisition, and heavily populated with students of the same bent. (My Jewish then boyfriend was met with incredulity that he would be interested in the SCA, even though the university had so many Jews they sometimes assumed they were the majority. Not in Medieval Studies. And even though there were other Jews in the group. Medieval Jewry was apparently not part of the Dream for these people any more than pre-conversion Iceland.) I understand that in the decades since, heathens have met at SCA events, have even conducted sumbles at some, but that the response has been to ban all religious practice from SCA events. Which is not period at all, and I wonder whether anyone has even thought to extend it to the knighthood vigil, for example.
Also, at that time, the SCA was setting up a kingdom in Europe, almost entirely among members of the US Armed Forces stationed on US bases and getting some outraged responses from Europeans amounting to, "This is our culture, what are you doing playing at it?" (The bases weren't always welcome in the first place.) I had to admit I had similar qualms. I didn't want to have to swear fealty to a make-believe sovereign; I was born subject to a real one. (That was why I never sought to register my name or a device.) It doesn't help that the SCA's method of choosing its rulers is probably the most artificial and jokey thing about it: by right of arms in a highly rule-bound contest (with little accommodation for alternative weapons styles and of course as little as possible for actual danger), with a designated consort "for whom one fights" required. This is the kind of stuff I page through in actual romances. And the winning couple serve as Crown Prince and Princess until 6 months later they succeed to their mock thrones and a new set of combatants get to do the same thing. Way to trivialize conquest, allegiance, and the whole idea of monarchy. (And as has been discussed recently in the SCA, shut out gifted and committed leaders unable or unwilling to go through the play-acting, not to mention those without "consorts" or whose consorts would be of the same sex.) It makes it very clear that "the Middle Ages" means Court masques. So . . . while I'm glad to see that an entente has been reached and there are now people from parts of the world that actually had the Middle Ages playing with the Americans and Australasians, I'm even happier to note that there has been a proliferation of re-creation organizations, including competing Viking outfits, that have picked up the basic idea and focused on the more serious parts of it. (I liked reading the nerdy articles about Japanese period underwear and Viking dyestuffs, myself. And applauded the SCA's hefty contributions to scholarship in dance and armored fighting, even though I didn't wish to participate in either.)
A simpler way of seeing how out of step I am is that I still feel loyalty to my original principality, Myrkfaelin, though I was happy enough to leave Ithaca, NY and I believe the branch has been dissolved. And I was shocked to learn that that locale is no longer in the East Kingdom; they've carved a new kingdom out so that the western New Yorkers don't have to deal with the New Englanders, or something. I think I'm supposed to regard that as progress, but it feels like exile.
So I miss the SCA. But I think my idea of the Dream is a bit too science-fictionish. Or a bit too early period.
May. 19th, 2009
01:36 pm
As I mentioned a while back, with all the lay-offs, there are houses for sale all over the place here, and even more where the yard has been left to go wild. Some of these may be people saving money on the crews they used to pay to do the yardwork; some may be new renters who don't know what to do or don't care; some may indicate the house has been quietly abandoned. Some photos ( below the cut )
May. 8th, 2009
12:17 pm
I'm YouTubing Béowulf again after a two-month enforced break while I tried to stop coughing.
Here's a close-up of the peanut gallery watching me from the top of the small bookcase.
( Pic under here )
May. 7th, 2009
12:48 pm - Þæs dæges (twegen) word
(se) Þrimilce: month corresponding most closely to May
Se fífta mónað is nemned on úre geðéode Ðrymylce, for ðon swylc genihtsumnes wæs géo on Brytone and éac on Germania lande, of ðæm Ongla ðéod com on ðás Breotone, ðæt hí on ðæm mónðe þriwa on dæge mylcedon heora néat--"The fifth month is called 'Three-milk' in our language, because there was formerly such abundance in Britain and also in the land of Germania, from which the people of the Angles came to Britain, that in that month they milked their animals three times a day"
Ðonne Ðrymelces mónað bið geendod ðonne bið séo niht eahta tída lang--"When the month of Thrimilci is over, then the night is eight hours long"
(se) Maius: May (Latin - the Anglo-Saxon month was Þrimilce)
Maius hæfþ þrý [rihtinga]--"May has three [required observances]"
Smicere on gearwum, wudum and wyrtum, cymeþ wlitig scríðan on tun Maius--"May comes striding into town fair, in fine clothing, woods and plants"
þéah Maius wynsumlíce blówe--"though May may bloom winningly"
May. 6th, 2009
03:26 pm - Þæs dæges word
séo gímeléasnes(s), gýmeléasnys(s), gémeléasnes(s), gémeléasnis(s): carelessness, negligence, failing
be speres gémeléasnesse--"of carelessness with a spear"
be ðám forþgewitenum gémeléasnissum, þá þe hé on cildháde gefremede--"of past carelessnesses, those that he committed in childhood"
fore synnum and gémeléasnisum úsum--"for our sins and failings"
03:13 pm - Þæs (ǽren)dæges word
séo gímelíst, gýmeléast, gémelést: carelessness, neglect
for ðǽre gíemelíste his hǽlo--"on account of carelessness with his health"
be speres gímeléaste--"of carelessness with a spear"
þurh préosta gýmeléste--"through the negligence of priests"
Hié nyllaþ gepyndan hiera mód swelce mon déopne pól gewerige ac hé lǽt his mód tóflówan on ðæt ofdæle gíemelíeste and ungescéadwísnesse--"They will not dam up their minds, as one banks up a deep pool, but he lets his mind flow away to the downward slope of carelessness and folly"
bútan hit gelimpe þæt man lator ríse þonne hit gebyrige . . . þæt ne geweorðe, þæt þyllic gýmelést gelimpe . . . gif hit gelimpe, dǽdbéte sé . . . þe hit þurh his gýmeléste gelamp--"unless it happens that someone rises later than is proper . . . it is not to be that such dilatoriness happens . . . if it happens, let him atone . . . who did it through his dilatoriness"
Hé Gode nolde ðíowigan. . . he ðone demm his gíemelíeste gebétan ne mæg--"He did not wish to serve God . . . he cannot remedy the mischief of his neglect"
Hé lǽt his hláfordes gebod tó gíemelíeste--"He leaves to neglect [neglects] his lord's command"
Se Hǽlend ne forlét to gýmeléaste his gelufedan apostol--"The savior did not leave his beloved apostle to neglect [neglect him]"
02:22 pm - Þæs (Mónan)dæges word
forgímeléasian, forgýmeléasian, forgíemeléasian, forgémeléasian: to neglect completely
if he forgýmeléasaþ his hláfordes gafol--"if he neglects his lord's tribute"
gif gé forgímeléasiaþ Drihtnes bebod éowres Godes--"if ye neglect the commandment of the lord your god"
swylc geréfa swylc ðis forgýmeléasie--"such reeve as may neglect this"
gif hwá adulfe pytt, and forgíemeleásode ðæt he hine betýnde--"if anyone dug a pit and neglected to enclose it"
02:02 pm - Þæs (Sunnan)dæges word
gímeléasian, gýmeléasian: to neglect, be careless, despise
Monige gýmeléasedon ðám gerýnum ðæs hálgan geléafan--"Many neglected the sacraments of the holy faith"
01:40 pm - Þæs (Sæternes)dæges word
ágímeléasian, ágýmeléasian, ágíemeléasian: to neglect, despise
Ne agíemeléasa ðú Godes swingan--"Do not neglect God's discipline"
ðonne híe eallinga ágíemeléasiaþ ðone ymbhogan woruldcundra ðinga--"when they completely neglect the upkeep of worldly things"
gif se hierde ágíemeléasa ðæt hé hiera helpe--"if the herdsman fails to help them"
Hé ágýmeléasede þæt hé héolde his líchaman forhæfdnesse--"He scorned the maintenance of his bodily continence"
May. 5th, 2009
08:06 pm - Þæs (Frige)dæges word
gímeléaslíce, gýmeléaslíce, gémeléaslíce, géomeléaslíce (adv.): carelessly, heedlessly
1. negligently
For hwon sǽdest ðú Ecgbyrhte swá gémeléaslíce and swá wlæclíce ða þing ðe ic ðé bebéad him to secganne?--"Why did you say to Ecgberht so carelessly and unenthusiastically the things that I told you to say to him?"
ða ðe unwærlíce and gémeléaslíce Gode hýraþ--"those who heedlessly and carelessly serve God"
gif heora hwylc fúllíce oðþe gýmeléaslíce mynstres þing behwyrfe--"if any of them treats badly or carelessly the monastery's things"
Þá wénde hé þæt hé þá léohtfatu gýmeléaslícor bétte þonne hé sceolde--"Then he thought that he was trimming the lamps less carefully than he should have been"
2. without care for good
ús þe yfele and gýmeléaslíce mid unrihte libbað--"to us who wrongfully live evilly and heedlessly"
3. without notice or observation
Suá gíemeléaslíce oft sceacað úre geðóhtas from ús, ðæt wé his furðum ne gefrédað--"Often, so unnoticeably do our thoughts escape from us that we are not even aware of it"
4. without care being taken
þæt þá hálgan mynstru tórorene . . . gýmeléaslíce ǽttredon--"that the holy monasteries, destroyed . . . unnattended, will become corrupt"
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