![[info]](http://l-stat.livejournal.com/img/userinfo.gif){kind=small}
Marion
Feb. 29th, 2012
10:02 am - A Guide to Pronouncing Anglo-Saxon
Written Anglo-Saxon is a medieval language, so it is written basically phonetically—all written letters should be sounded (including r), except that in some cases they are part of a digraph where the combination represents a single sound (like modern th and in some people’s pronunciation, wh). (The Anglo-Saxon digraphs are: ig, cg, hl, hn, hr, hw, and sc.) And as in all medieval languages, the phonetic spelling reveals dialect differences and different scribal preferences, so many words can occur in several different spellings. Above all this affects the vowels in a word: i and y are almost interchangeable, and some dialects had “breaking” and others didn’t, so the same word may have æ, e, or ea--the last, the diphthong, being the “breaking.” Say diphthongs as the two vowels added together—for example, ea as e plus a, as in modern English “pear” not “hear.” (Some scholars think the diphthongs were pronounced differently from how they were spelled, but I don't share this view.)
Modern English has changed the sound of long vowels so that they no longer match the short ones (several are diphthongs, and long e is actually a long version of i--compare “pit” and “Pete”). The long vowels in Anglo-Saxon are long versions of the same sound as the short vowel, as in most foreign languages.
Stress is on the first syllable except when that is a prefix, such as ge- or for-. Modern English has a more variable stress. When the first (main) syllable is a diphthong, stress the entire diphthong as you would in modern English. Feel free to say unstressed syllables as loosely as you would in modern English—the variations in spelling suggest that was how they said them, too.
Americans and Australians may wish to try to pronounce Anglo-Saxon without the nasalization that distinguishes their accents from British accents; this is hard, but Anglo-Saxon should sound English, and absence of nasalization makes a big difference.
VOWELS
Accents indicate long vowels. Books conventionally use macrons, but when the scribes wrote the length mark, it was as an accent.
Note that in Anglo-Saxon y is always a vowel.
a
A “soft short a” as in, for example, Spanish or German. This is in fact the same sound as an American short o. When an m or n follows, an o is often written instead; for example mann or monn; evidently in such words, there wasn’t much difference.
á
A longer version of the above: “ahh.”
æ
A “hard short a,” like most modern English speakers would say for “hat.” The name of the letter in talking about Anglo-Saxon is “ash,” which is another example.
ǽ
Long version of the above. I do just that; what comes out is an open version of the open e, French è. Most people do what Latin and Old Norse use æ to represent, which is the diphthong ai, the sound in Modern English “I.” There is no evidence that was the sound in Anglo-Saxon, but it is less ugly and easier to say.
e
Short e much as in modern English.
é
A long closed e, as in German “See” or French “fée.” In other words a single sound close to the pronunciation of long a in modern English (for example “fare”), but without the diphthongal quality.
i
Short i much as in modern English (perhaps a “purer” sound)
í
Long version of the above. i.e. the sound of modern English ee, or a long i in other languages and as in the modern English loanword "machine." Note: this sound can also be spelled ig in Anglo-Saxon.
o
A short o as in modern British English (but closer, or "purer" than in many dialects), or as in , for example, Spanish or German.
ó
Long version of the above, as in German “so.”
u
The “oo” short u, as in “put.”
ú
oo as in “soon” or “rude.”
y
Short ü as in German “Hütte” or French “tu.” However, spelling shows that this sound was often confused with i.
ý
Long version of the above, as in German “Hüter” or “grün.” However, again, often confused with í.
CONSONANTS
Double consonants are pronounced twice, as in Italian, or as in modern English “penknife,” “unnoticed,” “still living,” and “proof found.” They are not just a mark of vowel shortness, as they usually are in modern English.
b
As in modern English
cg
Modern English j or dg. For example ecg is pronounced like its modern descendant, “edge.”
c
Two pronunciations: k and ch. Usually k before a, o, and u, long or short, and at the ends of words with such vowels, and ch before e, i, and y, long or short, and at the ends of words after i, é, and ǽ. However, the following vowel is not a reliable guide as it is in, say, Italian. Use the modern pronunciation as a guide. For example, cild (ancestor of “child”) has the ch pronunciation, but cyning (ancestor of “king”) and cene (ancestor of “keen”) have k. It also has the k pronunciation finally after æ (e.g.: bæc (ancestor of “back”) and before a consonant at the start of a word, where it is silent in modern English (e.g.: cnáwan, ancestor of “know”). In some words where it follows n or l, it has the ch pronunciation: e.g.: ǽlc (ancestor of “each”) and þencan (ancestor of “think” and an exception to the modern English guideline rule). Beginners’ books traditionally put a dot over the ch c but one basically has to learn which pronunciation to use where. Note for German speakers: final ch c is not unvoiced German ch, even in ic, which is obviously cognate with German ich. That sound was represented by h.
d
As in modern English
f
Two sounds, modern English f (unvoiced) and v (voiced). Unvoiced at the beginning of a word, at the end of an accented word, next to another unvoiced consonant (e.g., p or t), and when double (e.g.: full, léof--ancestor of Shakespeare’s “lief”). Voiced, the v pronunciation, when single between vowels, between a vowel and another voiced sound (e.g., l, r, m, n), and finally in words like of when unstressed (e.g., lufian, ancestor of “love” and efne, ancestor of “even”).
g
Three or four pronunciations: g (as in “girl”), y (as in “yell”), a velar voiced ghh sound, and a short j.
--g before a, o, u, and y, long or short; after n; before a consonant; and when doubled. e.g.: gán, god, gylden, lang (ancestor of “long”), springan; glæd (ancestor of “glad”), and frogga (ancestor of “frog”).
--y before e and i, long or short, after those vowels and æ, long or short, and sometimes after r and l. e.g.: gé (ancestor of “ye”), giefan (ancestor of “give”), þegen, hálig (ancestor of “holy”), weg (ancestor of “way”), dæg (ancestor of “day”), sægde (ancestor of “said”), byrgan (ancestor of “bury”), fylgan, (ancestor of “follow”), and all the words with the ge- prefix. Note that i followed by the y g is identical to the sound ee, i.e.: í, which is why ig is an alternate spelling for í.
--ghh as sometimes in German “sagen” and “Wagen” when preceded and followed by any of a, o, and u, long or short, between one of them and an l or r, or after one of them even if in a group with another consonant. e.g.: dagas (ancestor of "days"), boga (ancestor of "bow"), hálga, beorgan, genog (ancestor of "enough"), and burg.
--Although g after n is usually sounded g, occasionally (e.g. sprengan, ancestor of "spring") it is instead j as in "edge," but shorter than in cg words.
As with c, beginners’ books traditionally put a dot over the y g and the few occurrences of j after n, but one basically has to learn which pronunciation to use where.
hl
Unvoiced l, similar to Welsh ll; this can be approximated by saying h and l in as quick succession as possible.
hn
Unvoiced n; again this can be approximated by saying h and n in as quick succession as possible.
hr
Unvoiced r; again this can be approximated by saying h and r in as quick succession as possible.
hw
Unvoiced w; this is the sound indicated by modern English wh and still a distinct phoneme in some British dialects; e.g.: "white," "whether." Again it can be approximated by saying h and w in as quick succession as possible.
h
Other than in the digraphs listed above, three pronunciations:
--initially, h as in modern English
-- Voiced chh as in Scottish "loch" or German "brauchen" after a, o, and u, long or short, and after consonants. e.g.: héah (ancestor of "high," and that is the reason for the "gh")
--Unvoiced chh as in German "ich" and as some English speakers say in "Munich" after e, i, and y, long or short. e.g.: riht (ancestor of "right," and that is the reason for the "gh")
j, k
rarely or never used
l, m, n, p
As in modern English
q
rarely or never used; the sound combination is written phonetically as cw or sometimes cu
r
Initially: slightly trilled
Otherwise: tongue-tip curved back, as in US English
sc
Modern English "sh," e.g.: scip, fisc, except in a few words, mainly loan-words, e.g.: scól (ancestor of "school" and borrowed from Latin), Scottas, áscian (ancestor of "ask," has past tense áscode)
s
As in modern British English "is," can be the voiced sound of "z" as well as unvoiced modern "s." Rules as for f: unvoiced at the beginning of a word, at the end of an accented word, next to another unvoiced consonant (e.g., p or t), and when double (e.g.: sunu, ancestor of "son," wæs, ancestor of "was," fæst, ancestor of "fast"). Voiced, the z pronunciation, when single between vowels, between a vowel and another voiced sound (e.g., l, r, m, n), and finally in words like is when unstressed (e.g., céosan, ancestor of "choose").
t
As in modern English
þ, ð (referred to as "thorn" and "eth" or sometimes "bar-d")
Used interchangeably for the two sounds of modern English th, voiced as in "this" and unvoiced as in "thin." Rules as for f and s: unvoiced at the beginning of a word, at the end of an accented word, next to another unvoiced consonant (e.g., p or t), and when double (e.g.: þencan, ancestor of "think," wearþ, "became," siþþan, "after"). Voiced when single between vowels and between a vowel and another voiced sound (e.g., l, r, m, n) (e.g., bróþor, ancestor of "brother," máþm, "treasure").
v
rarely or never used
w
As in modern English
x
rarely used, never initially; the sound combination is usually written phonetically as cs
y
never used as a consonant, only as a vowel
z
rarely or never used
Nov. 30th, 2009
Oct. 21st, 2009
01:06 pm - Þæs dæges word
ætfeallan: to fall away
1. lit. to fall, drop from
Þám cwellere ætféoll his gold--"From the killer his gold fell"
2. fig.
2a. to fall away
2a1. diminution
Healf wér ðǽr ætfealþ--"One half of the wergild there is forfeited"
Ætfealle sío bót þǽm godfæder swá ilce swá þæt wíte þám hláforde déð--"The recompense to the godfather is to fall away just as the punishment to the lord does"
2a2. deterioration
þæt geléafa swá earmlíce ætfeallan sceolde--"that faith should so miserably decay"
2a3. desertion
Se lǽweda mót óðre síðe wífigan, gyf his wíf him ætfylð--"The layman may marry another time if his wife deserts him"
His frýnd him ætfeallað--"His friends desert him"
2b. to befall, come upon
Hé bið ácólod and for þon ætfilð him wæterbolla--"He is chilled and so dropsy comes upon him"
12:40 pm - Þæs (ǽren)dæges word
óþfeallan: to fall away
1. to cease to have connection with, be cut off
Óþfealle se wer ðám mágum--"The man shall be severed from the kin (in the case of a man who, upon a charge of theft, being forsaken by his kinsmen, forfeits his freedom)"
2. to fall to pieces, decay, fail
gif hwam séo sprǽc óþfylþ--"if speech fail a man"
Æfter his fielle wearþ ðara cásera mǽgþ offeallenswá clǽne hí wæs óþfeallenu on Angelcyn--"so utterly was [learning] decayed in England"
Oct. 20th, 2009
01:26 pm - Þæs ǽrendæges (twegen) word
befeallan; beféol(l), beféollon; befeallen
1. to fall
1a. lit.
Án of ðám ne befylþ on eorþan--"One of them does not fall onto the earth"
Hé on þone pytt befylð--"He falls into the pit"
þæt furðon án spearwa on gryn ne mæg befeallan forútan his forescéawunge--"that furthermore a sparrow cannot fall into a snare without his providence [having predicted it]"
1b. to get into, penetrate
Se déofol befylð intó Antecrístes móder innoðe--"The devil [will] get into the Antichrist's mother's womb"
1c. metaph. (of a sin, state, or action)
Híe oft befeallaþ on micel yfel--"They often fall into great evil"
Mé is léofre þæt ic on Godes handa befealle, þonne ic on mannes handa befealle--"I would rather fall into God's hands than into man's hands"
Hé beféoll on untrumnysse--"He fell into infirmity"
Hé wæs on gítsunge befeallan--"He had fallen into covetousness"
Wearð hé tó manslehte befeallen--"He had started to fall to killing"
1d. to take effect on, befall
Þonne óðres mannes dǽd befylð on mé oððe on ðé, þonne byþ þæt "passivum verbum"--"When another person's action takes effect on me or on you, then that is a 'passive verb'"
On beféol hárnys--"Hoariness befell him"
1e. to fall to, fall under be assigned to
On scortne "ir" befylð án ágen nama--"To short -ir falls one single noun"
On scortne "ar" befeallað þás naman--"These nouns fall under short -ar"
Séo óðer præteritum geendað on "ii", ac on ðǽre ne befeallað ná má worda--"The other preterite ends in -ii, but no more words are assigned to that"
2. to fall off, go away, be taken away (see befeallen)
Hí wǽron æt hiora yldran befeallenne--"They were deprived of their elders"
befeallen (particip. adj.): deprived, bereft
fréondum befeallen--"bereft of friends"
Hí wǽron æt hiora yldran befeallenne--"They were deprived of their elders"
Oct. 18th, 2009
05:14 am - Þæs dæges word
feallan; féol(l), féollon; feallen:
1. to fall
Hí sceolon raðe feallan on grimne grund--"They must fall rapidly into the grim abyss"
Heofones steorran béoþ feallende--"The stars of heaven [will] be falling"
Se rén fealleþ--"The rain falls"
Se hagol fealþ--"The hail falls"
gif ðæt swín filð on ðæt sol--"if the swine falls in the mire"
Híg feallaþ begen on ǽnne pytt--"They both fall into a pit"
þone cancor þǽra tóða, of ðám for oft ðá téþ feallað--"the canker of the teeth, by reason of which extremely often the teeth fall [out]"
Féoll Abram astreht to eorþan--"Adam fell prostrate on the earth"
Ðá féol hé fǽringa onbæcling--"Then all of a sudden he fell backwards"
Híe wurdon sóna ablinde and féollan tó eorþan, and grápodan mid heora handum on þá eorþan--"They at once became blind and fell to the ground, and groped on the ground with their hands"
Híe on gebed féollon--"They fell down in prayer"
Téaras féollon--"Tears fell"
wiþ þæt ðæt mannes feax fealle--"for when a person's hair should fall [out]"
Feall nú ádún--"Fall now down"
1a. fall in battle, fall wounded or dead, be overcome
Hé blóde fáh féoll on foldan; næs hé fǽge þá gyt--"Dripping with blood he fell on the ground; he was not doomed yet"
Mycel wæll féoll on ǽgðre healfe--"Great slaughter fell on both sides"
He on hrusan ne féol--"He did not fall on the earth"
Ic wæs hearde cnyssed, and ic ne féoll--"I was hard pressed, and I did not fall"
Féonda feorh féollon þicce--"The lives of the foes fell thickly"
1b. metaph.
Mé fealleð on fyrhtu déaðes--"The fear of death is descending upon me"
Féol him ege on--"An eye fell on him"
2. to run (watercourse)
Fylð swýðe mycel sǽ úp in on ðæt lond--"Very many seas drain into that land"
3. to fail, fall to pieces, decay, crumble
Enoch nalles feallan lét ðóm--"Enoch did not let his power fail"
Ðis líf is lǽnlíc and feallende--"This life is transitory and failing"
Þes middangeard daga gehwylce fealleþ and tó ende efsteþ--"This earth every day decays and hastens to an end"
Foldwela fealleð, eorðmægen ealdað--"Worldly goods decay, earthly might ages"
Éaðre is þæt heofen and eorðe gewíton þonne án stæf of þǽre ǽ fealle--"Sooner [shall be] that heaven and earth pass away than that one letter of the law should wear away"
Þes middangeard flýhð from ús, and wé him fléondum fylgeaþ, and hine feallendne lufiaþ--"This earth flees from us, and we follow it fleeing, and love it, transitory [though it is]"
Oct. 17th, 2009
06:12 am - Þæs dæges (twegen) word
ymbscínan; ymbscán, ymbscinon; ymbscinen: to shine round, surround with brightness
Ðæs Héhstan mægen ðé ymbscíneþ--"The grace of the highest surrounds you with light"
Séo sunne ymbscínð ðone blindan, and se blinda ne gesihð ðære sunnan léoman--"The sun shines all round the blind man, and the blind man does not see the sun's beams"
Híe léoht ymbscán--"The light shone around them"
geondscínan; geondscán, geondscinon; geondscinen: to shine upon, illuminate
Hit séo éce ne mót geondscínan sunne--"It the eternal sun cannot shine upon"
Hwý scíneð séo sunne swá réade on morgene? For ðám hire twýnað hwæðer héo mæg ðe ne mæg ðisne middangeard geondscínan--"Why does the sun shine so red in the morning? Because she doubts whether she can or cannot illuminate this earth"
Sío sunne hine geondscínþ--"The sun shines upon him"
Oct. 16th, 2009
05:59 am - Þæs dæges (twegen) word
Winterfylleþ: October
se téoða mónð, October, Winterfylleð, swá hine cígað ígbuende, Engle and Seaxe--"the tenth month October, Winterfylleþ as the islanders, Angles and Saxons, call it"
Ðone téoðan mónð mon nemneþ on Léden Octember, and on úre geðéode Winterfylleð--"The tenth month is called October in Latin, and in our language Winterfylleþ"
(se) October, Octember: October (Latin - the Anglo-Saxon is Winterfylleþ)
Ðone téoðan mónð mon nemneþ on Léden Octember--"The tenth month is called October in Latin"
Januarius and October habbaþ twá rihtinga--"January and October have two mandatory observances"
05:30 am - Þæs ǽrendæges twegen word
bescínan; bescán, bescéan, bescinon; bescinen: to shine upon, illuminate
Mec heaðosigel bescíneþ--"The glorious sun shines upon me"
Godes beorhtnys hí bescéan--"The brightness of the god shone upon them"
Warna þú þæt hý ná sunne ne bescíne--"Beware that no sun lights upon them"
oferscínan; oferscán, oferscinon; oferscinen: to cover with light, illumine
Beorht wolcn hig oferscéan--"A shining cloud illumined them"
ðonne his léoma ealne middaneard oferscíne--"when [the moon's] gleam lights up all the world"
04:57 am - Þæs Wódnesdæges word
gescínan; gescán, gescéan, gescinon; gescinen:
1. to shine
Eft gescéan onsíone his--"His visage was resplendent [lit.: shone again]"
Gewoedo his huít swíðe gescéan--"Their clothing shone very white"
2. to shine upon, illuminate
Ne mæg héo ealle gesceafta gescínan, ne ða gesceafta ðe héo gescínan mæg, ne mæg hío ealle endemest gescínan--"[The sun] cannot shine upon all creatures, nor those creatures that she can shine upon, can she shine upon all equally"
Wuldres gim grund gescíneþ--"The gem of glory [sun] illuminates the ground"
swá sío sunne hine gescínþ--"as the sun shines on him"
Swá se fiicbeám ofersceadað ðæt lond ðæt hit under him ne mæg gegrówan, for ðǽm hit sío sunne ne mót gescínan--So does the figtree overshadow the land that things [lit.: it] cannot grow under it, because the sun cannot shine on them [lit.: it]"
04:24 am - Þæs Tíwesdæges word
áscínan; áscán, áscinon; áscinen: to shine forth, be clear, evident
1. literally
Ðá ðǽr ascán béama beorhtast--"Then there shone forth the brightest of beams"
Hwylc wǽre his líf cúþlícor ascíneþ--"How his life was [will] be more clearly apparent"
in þǽre scéawunge séo áscán þám útran éagum--"in the manifestation that was evident to the external eyes"
2. metaph.: to be resplendent
Híe on swíþe manegum godcundum mægenum wuldorlíce áscinon--"They were marvelously resplendent with so many divine virtues"
Ne oncnéow ic hweþer in Langbeardum ǽfre ásceonan ǽnigra manna líf mid mægnum--"I am not aware that among the Lombards any people's lives were ever resplendent with virtues"
03:57 am - Þæs Mónandæges twegen word
scínan; scán, scéan, scinon; scinen: to shine
1. literally
swá se lígræsc scínþ--"as the lightning shines"
Eall swá léohte séo sunne scínð under þǽre eorðan on nihtlicre tíde, swá swá héo on dæg déð bufan úrum heáfdum--"As brightly shines the sun under the earth in the nocturnal hours as it does by day above our heads"
ðonne séo sunne on heofone beorhtost scíneþ--"when the sun shines brightest in the sky"
Ða steorran scínaþ beforan ðam mónan, and ne scínaþ beforan ðære sunnan--"The stars shine before the moon, and do not shine before the sun"
On him byrne scán--"The byrnie on him shone"
Se steorra scán iii. mónþas--"The star [comet] shone 3 months"
His ansýn eal scéan swá swá sunne, and his gewǽda scinon on snáwes hwítnysse--"His face all shone like the sun, and his clothes shone with the whiteness of snow"
beorhtnes scínendes steorran--"the brightness of the shining star"
Him mid síðedon twǽgen scínende englas--"With him journeyed two shining angels"
1a. to be clearly visible
Ðæt feax gréwð and scínð ofer ðǽm brægene--"The hair grows and is visible over the brain"
Hí hine hetelíce swungon oð þæt ðá bán scinon--"They swung it vigorously until the bones appeared"
1b. to be splendid
Séo hwítness þǽre lilian scíneþ on þé--"The whiteness of the lilies is splendid on you"
2. metaph.
Ðonne scínaþ ða rihtwísan--"Then the righteous [will] shine"
se nama se ðe mid him swá lange scéan and bryhte--"the name that so long and brightly shone among them"
Se biþ siweníge se ðe his andgit biþ tó ðon beorhte scínende ðæt hé mæge ongietan sóðfæstnesse, gif hit ðonne áþístriaþ ða flǽsclícan weorc--"He is bleary-eyed whose reason is brightly shining to such an extent that he is able to understand righteousness, if the works of the flesh then overshadow it"
Hé manigum wundrum scéan and berhte--"He shone with many miracles and brightly"
on wordum and on dǽdum beorht and scínende--"in words and deeds brightly shining"
scínende (particip. adj.): brilliant, shining, resplendent
Þǽr is se ælmihtiga Dryhten scínendra and líohtra þonne ealle óðre líoht--"There the almighty lord is more brilliant and brighter than any other light"
Oct. 15th, 2009
05:28 am - Þæs (Sunnan)dæges word
þéostre, þéoster, þíestre, þístre, þýstre (adj.): dark
1. literally
Ðis is ðéostræ hám--"This [Hell] is a dark home"
Ðá hangode swíðe þýstru wæter on ðám wolcnum--"There hung very black water in the clouds"
Wæs se óðer béam eallenga sweart, dim and þýstre--"The other tree was completely black, dark, and shadowy"
niht séo þýstre--"the dark night"
Hit wearð þýstre--"It became dark"
On óþre healfe ys þýstre land--"On the other side is a dark land"
ða fúlnessa ðæs ðystran ofnes--"the stink of the pitch-black oven"
sume ðara ðýstra gásta--"some of the dark spirits"
Ðéof sceal gangan in ðýstrum wederum--"A thief must walk in dark weather"
2. metaphorically: unenlightened, of clouded mind, depressed, depressing
Gif ðín éage byþ deorc, eall ðín líchama byþ þýstre--"If your eye is dark, all your body is shadowed"
Biþ séað ðam fyrenfullan déop ádolfen, deorc and ðýstre--"The pit for the sinful is dug deep, dark and dispiriting"
Tódríf ðone þiccan mist, ðe nú hangaþ wið ða éagan ússes módes, hefig and þystre--"Dispel the thick fog that now hangs before the eyes of our spirits, heavy and depressing"
on ðás þéostran weorulde--"in this unenlightened world"
Bréost innan wéoll þéostrum geþoncum--"His breast welled inwardly with dark thoughts"
Note: þæt þéostru, þá þéostro were posted 4/25/06 #1
Oct. 13th, 2009
11:15 am - Rain
The rainy season arrived overnight. I took the dog for a short paddle around the neighborhood. It's garbage pick-up day and emptied carts were lying in the gutters all over the place. A few gutters are full, with rain-bubbles in them; others someone has removed the dead leaves, coffee cups, etc. and they are running in the imperceptibly slight incline to the Bay. Sidewalks are littered with pine needles and gingko leaves. There's a stiff breeze but the palm fronds and sprays of leaves on lawns show the wind was heavier earlier. And errant plastic bags and chocolate wrappers from the trash. The people who park their car in their back yard under the grapefruit trees have jacks close by to extract it; meanwhile it is settling slowly into the mud. Workmen have been protractedly destroying the street that leads downtown; they have a turquoise biffy chained to a telephone pole. Today instead of the usual cluster of heavy machines there is a lone sentry at the site, hunched in his sou'wester.
Oct. 10th, 2009
06:36 am - Þæs dæges (twegen) word
se þyf: squall, blast of wind
Séo orsorhnes gǽþ scýrmǽlum swá þæs windes þyf--"Prosperity proceeds stormily like a squall of wind"
NOTE: It is suggested this was a misreading for pyf
scýrmǽlum (adv.): stormily, like a shower
Séo orsorhnes gǽþ scýrmǽlum swá þæs windes þyf--"Prosperity proceeds stormily like a squall of wind"
Navigate: (Previous 20 Entries)